The Future of Volcanic Activity in Hawaii: What to Expect and How to Prepare

When I think about Hawaii, I picture beautiful islands and powerful volcanoes. Volcanic activity shapes both Hawaii’s past and present.

Scientists expect volcanic eruptions in Hawaii to continue. Kīlauea volcano stays very active, and new eruptions could still happen (Kīlauea volcano updates).

Recent eruptions have sent lava over 1,000 feet into the air. Experts warn that more eruptions could happen soon, keeping people alert (predicted eruptions in Hawaii).

Learning what’s next for Hawaii’s volcanoes helps me understand the risks and wonders of these islands. I want to share what the future could look like for volcanic activity in Hawaii and why it matters.

Understanding Hawaii’s Volcanic Landscape

Hawaii’s volcanoes shape the land, culture, and daily life of the islands. Learning how they work helps me understand both the risks and beauty of living here.

Types of Hawaiian Volcanoes

Most volcanoes in Hawaii are shield volcanoes. These volcanoes form when lava flows out in broad, gentle layers, creating wide, sloping mountains.

Kīlauea and Mauna Loa are shield volcanoes. I don’t see composite volcanoes here.

Composite volcanoes, like Mount St. Helens, have steep sides and more explosive eruptions. Shield volcanoes usually erupt more calmly but more often.

Knowing the type of volcano helps me picture what eruptions might look like.

Geologic Past and Eruptive History

The geologic past of Hawaii is full of volcanic events. Eruptions built all the main Hawaiian islands.

The oldest islands in the northwest stopped erupting millions of years ago. The Big Island still grows as new lava reaches the ocean.

Conditions have changed over time. Areas once covered in lava now hold forests and towns.

Some lava fields look barren, but life slowly returns. The history of frequent and sometimes spectacular eruptions—like those recently monitored by the USGS—shows why volcanic activity remains important for Hawaiians.

Key Volcanoes: Kīlauea and Mauna Loa

Kīlauea and Mauna Loa are the two most active volcanoes on the islands. Kīlauea has erupted many times in recent years and produces slow-moving lava flows.

Scientists study Kīlauea closely to protect local people. Mauna Loa is the biggest active volcano in the world by volume.

Its eruptions can cover large areas and impact communities quickly. Both volcanoes play a major role in shaping Hawaii’s volcanic landscape.

Recent Eruptions and Their Impacts

Hawaii has seen several important volcanic eruptions in recent years. These events have changed both the land and the lives of people living on the islands.

2018 Eruption Events

The 2018 Kilauea eruption started with a series of earthquakes. Lava burst from new fissures in Leilani Estates and quickly destroyed many homes.

This eruption lasted from May to September and produced massive lava flows. Over 700 homes and buildings were lost.

Lava covered roads and cut off communities. Summit-collapse events at Kilauea’s summit caused ash clouds and lowered the crater floor.

Locals evacuated, and air quality warnings were common due to toxic gases. The U.S. Geological Survey reported that the eruption reshaped the coastline and formed new land.

Learn more about Kilauea updates.

2022 Eruption Developments

In 2022, Kilauea erupted again. This time, activity stayed mostly inside the Halemaʻumaʻu crater in the national park.

Large lava flows did not destroy neighborhoods like in 2018, but the eruption still attracted scientists and tourists. Webcams showed glowing lava lakes lighting up the night sky.

The eruption created small lava fountains and sent volcanic gas across the park. Hazards included Pele’s hair (fine volcanic shards) and vog, which sometimes reached nearby towns.

The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory kept the Volcano Alert Level at “Watch” with an orange Aviation Color Code. Updates from June 2025 show activity remains in the park.

Impacts on Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park

Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park faced both challenges and new opportunities because of these eruptions. After the 2018 event, large sections of the park closed due to earthquake and ash damage.

By 2022, parts of the park reopened. Visitors can now safely see recent lava flows, new craters, and fresh landscapes.

The park focuses on public safety, education, and studying volcanic change. Updated alerts and careful monitoring help protect both visitors and the natural environment.

Some hazards remain, such as volcanic gas and loose ash. Still, the chance to see active geology makes the park a unique destination for anyone interested in volcanoes or Hawaii’s changing land.

Current Volcanic Activity and Monitoring

Volcanic activity in Hawaii changes often. I rely on monitoring data and reports from leading organizations to track both erupting volcanoes and calm periods.

Active Eruptions and Quiescence

Not every volcano in Hawaii erupts at the same time. For example, Kīlauea’s activity can shift quickly between erupting and pausing.

As of June 2025, the eruption at Halemaʻumaʻu crater is paused, a state called quiescence. This means no lava is erupting now, but scientists still monitor the volcano closely.

I keep an eye on updates from the USGS, which posts the current alert level and color codes for aviation safety. When volcanic activity resumes, these codes change to alert scientists, pilots, and the community.

Even when a volcano is quiet, gases may still rise, and small earthquakes might shake the ground. The situation can switch back to eruption with little warning, so regular monitoring is important.

Role of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory and USGS

The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) is where most of Hawaii’s volcano monitoring happens. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) manages the HVO and trains scientists to observe volcanic behavior.

HVO scientists track eruptions, update the public, and set volcano alert levels. They use tools like seismometers, gas detectors, and thermal cameras.

Alerts from HVO help keep residents and visitors safe by providing timely warnings. The USGS and HVO also collect long-term data to study eruption history.

This helps them predict future events and advise local governments about safe zones. Their work depends on accurate, real-time monitoring.

Tracking Seismic Activity

Seismic activity is a key sign that magma might be moving underground. I pay close attention to the frequency and strength of local earthquakes, as these often signal changes at volcanoes like Kīlauea and Mauna Loa.

The volcano observatory uses a network of sensors to track even small earthquakes around the main summits and rift zones. Scientists post weekly reports of volcanic activity, and spikes in quake numbers sometimes warn of increased volcanic risk.

There are different types of earthquakes, including deep tremors and shallow swarms. Each type tells scientists something different about what the magma is doing below ground.

By monitoring both the size and location of these quakes, I can better understand when a volcano might be ready to erupt or when it is staying quiet.

Kīlauea Volcano: Trends and Predictions

Kīlauea remains the most active volcano in Hawaii. Scientists track its movement, gas emissions, and lava flows closely to understand risks and what might happen next.

Eruption Patterns and Forecasts

Kīlauea’s eruptions often happen in cycles with pauses in between. In 2025, the volcano had a major eruption in May.

Lava shot over 1,000 feet into the air, showing Kīlauea’s power. The USGS monitors patterns by looking at gas, earthquakes, and ground swelling.

These signs help them predict when another eruption might occur. Right now, scientists believe Kīlauea could erupt again soon, based on recent activity.

Hazards linked to these eruptions include falling ash, volcanic gas, and glass fibers known as Pele’s hair. These can impact both the environment and people in nearby communities.

To stay safe, I watch for official updates and warnings from the USGS volcano updates.

Summit Activity: Halemaʻumaʻu Crater

Most recent eruptions have come from the Halemaʻumaʻu Crater at Kīlauea’s summit. The crater serves as a main vent for lava and gases.

During eruptions, lakes of lava can form in the crater. These lakes glow brightly at night.

After the May 2025 eruption, the crater paused again. Scientists study the volcano to see if activity might increase soon.

They use special tools to check the pressure and temperature inside the volcano.

Key facts about Halemaʻumaʻu:

• Located at the summit of Kīlauea
• Source of frequent lava lakes
• Releases sulfur dioxide and other gases

These features make the crater a tourist highlight. Hazard monitoring teams also focus on this area.

Learn more about current changes at Halemaʻumaʻu.

East Rift Zone and Future Risks

The East Rift Zone stretches from the summit to the southeast coast of the island. Cracks and faults often develop here, allowing magma to travel underground for miles.

In 2018, an eruption destroyed hundreds of homes in the lower East Rift Zone.

Scientists regularly check the rift zone for new movement or vent formation. Ground swelling and earthquake swarms can signal that lava is moving below the surface.

Any change in the East Rift Zone could bring new lava flows toward neighborhoods.

For more on how rift zone activity could shape the island’s future, see this overview about Kīlauea’s activity.

Volcanic Processes and Hazards

Hawaii’s volcanoes shape the land and affect daily life. Lava movement, changes in magma chambers, and ground shifting through inflation and deflation create hazards across the islands.

Lava Flows and Fountaining Episodes

Lava flows often move down the slopes of Kīlauea and Mauna Loa to the ocean. These volcanoes usually erupt fluid basaltic lava, which can travel far before cooling.

Lava fountaining sends molten rock shooting up from vents, creating tall fountains. These episodes can build new land and sometimes threaten nearby communities.

Past fountaining events have destroyed homes in places like Leilani Estates and Kalapana.

Here’s a quick comparison:

Magma Chambers and Vent Dynamics

Magma chambers hold molten rock beneath the surface. Changes in these chambers control when and where eruptions happen.

When magma rises, it moves through vents that may form, split, or grow over time. Vents can appear at the summit or along cracks on the volcano’s flanks.

The activity at these vents can shift, leading to new flows or fountaining as magma finds a path to the surface.

Summit-collapse events occur when the magma chamber empties during big eruptions. This causes the land above to drop.

Movement around vents creates new hazards. Each change can start lava flows, earthquakes, or ground cracks that affect nearby communities.

Inflation, Deflation, and Earthquakes

The ground around volcanoes rises (inflation) or sinks (deflation) as the magma chamber fills or empties. Inflation can happen quickly when magma pushes upward, putting pressure on the surface.

Deflation follows after an eruption as magma moves out and the ground settles.

Scientists use GPS and satellites to watch for sudden changes.

Earthquakes are common near volcanoes. Most are small but can cause landslides or cracks.

Sometimes, strong earthquakes happen when magma moves into a new chamber or vent. These can lead to future eruptions.

Environmental and Health Effects

Living near Hawaii’s volcanoes exposes people to gases and particles from eruptions. These can affect both health and the environment.

Gas Emissions: Sulfur Dioxide and More

When Kīlauea erupts, it releases gases like sulfur dioxide (SO₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and water vapor. These gases escape through vents, craters, and fissures.

Sulfur dioxide is especially concerning. In 2016, Kīlauea released nearly 1 million tons of SO₂, much higher than most volcanoes worldwide.

This gas reacts with sunlight, air, and moisture to form tiny particles and acids. These can spread across large areas.

Volcanoes also release carbon dioxide. While CO₂ is less harmful for short exposures, it can collect in low spots and pose a risk if it builds up.

Water vapor makes up most volcanic gas, but it is not usually a health threat.

For more details about gas emissions at Hawaii’s volcanoes, see this report on volcanic hazards.

Vog and Its Impact on People

When sulfur dioxide mixes with air, moisture, and sunlight, it forms volcanic smog called vog. Vog can spread downwind from the volcano and linger for days when there is little wind.

This haze sometimes covers large parts of Hawaii Island and can even reach other islands.

Vog can make breathing harder, especially for people with asthma or lung problems. It contains fine particles that reach deep into the lungs.

People often report headaches, coughing, sore throats, and more allergies when vog levels are high.

Sensitive groups like children, older adults, and those with heart or lung issues are most at risk. Schools and hospitals sometimes take extra steps to keep air clean inside.

The military also tracks vog and air quality to protect workers, as explained in this public health paper on volcanic activity in Hawaii.

Eye Irritation and Air Quality Concerns

During heavy vog events, many people notice red, watery, or itchy eyes. Chemicals in vog can irritate the eyes, especially when the air is dry.

Air quality problems are not limited to vog. Some eruptions send out fine volcanic glass called Pele’s hair, which can also irritate the eyes, nose, and throat.

These fibers float in the wind and can land on homes, cars, and playgrounds near the volcano.

Air quality in Hawaii is measured daily. During strong eruptions or when the wind changes, staying indoors and using air filters can help.

Regular updates are available from the USGS Kīlauea volcano updates page.

Preparing for the Future of Hawaiian Volcanoes

Staying safe around Hawaiian volcanoes means using new technology, planning as a community, and learning from past eruptions.

Monitoring Advances and Early Warning Systems

People in Hawaii rely on real-time data and monitoring. The USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory uses seismographs, gas sensors, and webcams to track signs of an eruption.

This technology gives fast updates to scientists and local officials.

When magma shifts underground, instruments pick up small quakes, changes in ground shape, and increased gas emissions.

Alerts from the Volcano Notification Service notify people of sudden changes. Fast warnings help people leave danger zones in time.

Early detection saves lives and property.

Community Preparedness and Education

Everyone in Hawaii should know what to do if a volcano erupts. Simple steps like having a “go bag,” knowing evacuation routes, and practicing safety drills help people get ready for emergencies.

Local officials update emergency plans and send alerts for quick responses.

Education efforts help families understand volcanic hazards. Schools teach lessons about staying safe from lava, ash, and gas.

For example, the State of Hawaii’s volcano advisories remind people when there is little or no threat.

By knowing the risks and talking with neighbors, communities feel more confident facing eruptions.

Lessons from Other Volcanoes

Looking at disasters from other places shows what works and what does not.

The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington was sudden and explosive. Most Hawaiian eruptions are less violent but last longer.

That event showed the value of clear warning systems and good evacuation plans. Quick decisions and strong community support saved lives.

In Hawaii, eruptions from Mauna Loa and Kīlauea move slower but still require smart planning.

Important steps include:

• Monitoring changes
• Practicing evacuation
• Learning from history

Conclusion

I find Hawaii’s volcanic activity both fascinating and unpredictable.

Scientists warn that eruptions can happen with little warning. This keeps everyone alert for signs of change.

Living on or visiting these islands means I need to stay aware.

Here are a few key reminders:

• Stay informed by checking updates from the U.S. Geological Survey.
• Be prepared for ash fall or lava flows, especially in high-risk areas.
• Follow local guidelines and learn about Hawaii’s lava hazard zones.

Hawaii’s landscape changes often because eruptions and earthquakes shape it.

I respect the power of these volcanoes, but I still enjoy the natural beauty of the islands.

If I get the chance, I want to see these volcanoes up close.

Watching the lava flow and learning about future volcanic activity could help keep everyone safe.